Flipper One is a Pocket-sized Linux Cyberdeck

Pocket-sized computer tools are the definition of cool, recruiting many people over to the developer side of things, including your humble writer.

A project like Flipper One, which is intended to be a device that features the full mainline Linux kernel in a small package with a full range of connectivity, not to be used as a full-fledged computer (not all the time, at least) but rather a cyberdeck that can be used for development, experimentation and last but not the least, pentesting, is such a dream come true.

With its radical philosophy of complete openness, both in terms of hardware and software, and the ability to do whatever is possible with the hardware on board, it is a project that would have sent my 14 year-old self into a hyperventilating fit. So what exactly can it do? And how do you fit into the picture? That's exactly what we will tell you today.

Flipper One at a glance

Flipper One hasn't been released yet, but there are some ambitious features that have been planned for it. While Flipper Zero was more of an offline access tool, with emphasis on NFC, RFID infrared, UART and so on, Flipper One is intended to be a network connected Linux system. So obviously, we start with:

Connectivity

Flipper One self proclaims as a "Swiss Army knife for IP networks across all OSI layers", which include:

• 5G modem
• Wi-Fi 6E
• Two Gigabit Ethernet ports
• Upto 5 Gbps wired connectivity over USB-C Ethernet

All this results in Flipper One being usable as anything from a multi-hotspot bridge, an inline Ethernet sniffer, a VPN gateway, or a USB Wi-Fi/Ethernet adapter for another device.

Hardware

The hardware is a particularly interesting aspect of Flipper One, as it is has a completely custom, unique build. We will describe the technical aspects later, focusing first on the build of the device. It has a small monochrome 256x144px display, designed to show all necessary information from the custom software onboard, a touchpad, a 5-button D-pad, a back button, an app-switching button, and 5 buttons used for further navigation to power, edit, run or escape programs, and to view other options. Oh, there's a push-to-talk button as well for a pre-installed offline AI assistant. Fancy, eh?

As for the ports, it has the following:

• Two USB-C, one multipurpose, one only for power
• USB-A
• HDMI
• Two Ethernet
• 3.5mm audio jack
• MicroSD card slot
• Nano SIM card slot
• M.2 expansion module

Now finally onto the hardware on board:

• A main Rockchip RK3576 chip
• A secondary low-powered Raspberry Pi RP2350B MCU
• 8 GB RAM
• 64 GB internal storage
• 7000 mAh battery (tentatively)

As an ARM based device, the processing is comparable to the power offered by a Raspberry Pi 5, handling basic operations rather well.

Software

Here's where things get really interesting. The Flipper team intends Flipper One to be able to support the mainline Linux kernel, and has gone to the massive undertaking of having absolutely no proprietary binary blobs in any of their software. This includes the operating systems as well as the firmware. They're building FlipperOS, a layer on top of Debian, which you can do anything to.

There's also FlipperCTL, which has been created as a response to full-fledged Linux operating systems being awkward and uncomfortable on small screens. It is, therefore, a UI designed for a screen as small as that, controlled by a D-pad and a few buttons. The idea then, is to wrap utilities like ping, nmap and traceroute into this FlipperCTL interface.

Abilities

Apart from the use cases already mentioned, like as a pentesting tool or a networking agent, it can also be used as a survival desktop or a thin client, using the USB-C port to connect to a monitor. The exact details of the OS haven't been decided yet, but something slick like KDE Plasma with something resourceful like Kali Linux to suit all pentesting needs is the way Flipper is planning to go. It is also being planned as a hacker's TV media box, to be used as a media platform using Kodi or something similar. This would turn any HDMI input taking monitor into your personal media box, a luxury that is quite underrated in situations like a strange hotel room.

Not to forget, the presence of both a CPU and an MCU is by design, as the intention is to have the device functioning at low power, with the LCD and buttons, even without the main CPU running. Even when Linux is off, the device can run simple programs off of the MCU.

So what can you do?

But where do you come in? Well, the entire device is still under development and needs contributions from anyone who can provide it to be completed. Flipper has made a Developer Portal for Flipper One, where the entire development process is to be made open. That means half-baked task tracking, documentation, internal discussions, debates and everything.

You don't need to be a software developer, strictly, you could be a designer, just work on documentation, 3D models, so on and so forth. So, what all can you contribute to?

• Hardware: PCBs, antennae, chips, processors, connectors and everything in between (literally).
• Mechanics: Designing, enclosure, plastic/metal parts, mounting parts and so on.
• Linux: Firmware for the RP2350 microcontroller, relating to practically every component that the software will interact with.
• Interface: UI/UX design, visuals and graphics.
• Docs: Documentation, wikis, guides, progress made on the portal itself.
• Testing: This one you can find out for yourself.

Conclusion

Flipper's team has taken up a humongous task, trying to make this entire project totally open, the hardware design plans, the software blobs barring no small proprietary bits, and has shown courage admitting the need for help finishing the project. The Developer Portal is a great approach, inviting all the people from across the globe to contribute in any way that they possibly can. And with a beautiful passion project such as this? I'm expecting they absolutely will want to. I urge the readers to do that as well, if you have some skill and time to contribute.

Read the whole story from Flipper

This kind of project instills hope in user-level innovation after long bouts of polished, corporate products and we're all here for it. Let us know what you think of the device in the comments. Cheers!

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KDE is Going Wayland Only So This New Project Gives You KDE With X11

When KDE announced that Plasma 6.8 would be dropping the X11 session entirely, not everyone was happy about it. Wayland has been the default on most major distributions for a while now, but there's still a significant chunk of users with reasons to stay on X11.

One such case is of a group of developers who took the code that KDE itself is walking away from and started building an X11-first desktop around it. That project is SonicDE.

Their goal is to maintain and actively develop the parts of KDE Plasma's X11 stack that are being left behind, while cutting out Wayland dependencies and pushing X11 support forward rather than just holding the line.

The work can be traced back to a KWin/X11 patchset called kwin-x11-improved, which was later merged with the full KWin/X11 source by Joseph Crowell in September 2025 under the name "KDE-Lite," and rebranded as SonicDE by December.

SonicDE: X11 Plasma Restored

Image sourced from Joseph Crowell, one of the contributing developers of SonicDE.

It is a collection of KDE Plasma and KDE Frameworks component forks, each rebuilt with X11 as the focus. The project now spans 40 repositories on GitHub, with the team working through the KDE stack and stripping out what's not needed.

The most prominent of those is sonic-win, a fork of KWin/X11 that handles window management and compositing. It's the most active repository in the project and the one where most of the foundational work is happening.

Alongside it are sonic-workspace, derived from plasma-workspace, and sonic-desktop-interface, forked from plasma-desktop. The former provides the core environment components, while the latter handles the desktop shell. Together with sonic-win, these three form the backbone of what SonicDE actually is as a desktop.

The project covers a lot of ground beyond the core trio of components.

For networking, sonic-network-manager is there; sonic-audio-applet-pulse covers PulseAudio volume management; sonic-screenlocker takes care of screen locking; sonic-screen manages display configuration; and login sessions are handled by sonic-login-manager.

From left to right we have SonicDE on EndeavourOS, Artix Linux, and Vendefoul Wolf.

SonicDE also ships a Silver theme, forked from the Klassy theming utility for Plasma, alongside a matching silver-sddm login screen. Together, they give the desktop a consistent look rather than just resembling a stripped-down Plasma install.

What users actually get is an X11 desktop that behaves the way longtime KDE users expect, while still inheriting improvements from the upstream Plasma components it forks from.

And since SonicDE is being built to be init system agnostic from the start, it isn't locked to systemd. BSD support is one of the stated goals too, so the project is thinking well beyond Linux users.

Availability of this?

It is already packaged for Arch Linux-based distributions, with additional builds available for Debian, Devuan, Artix Linux, and Vendefoul Wolf. The official website has the links for the packages for those distros.

SonicDE

Also good to know is that the developers are already packaging SonicDE for Gentoo, NixOS, OpenMandriva, and FreeBSD, so keep an eye out on their socials and GitHub page for updates.

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Linux Kernel 7.1 is a Feature Release That Could Be Useful For You

Following Linux 7.0 in April and the stable point releases since, Linux 7.1 is now available as a major feature release in the 7.x series.

You get a bunch of upgrades with this, ranging from a new NTFS driver that landed after four years of development all the way to a bugfix for a long-standing audio issue on the Steam Deck OLED.

And, if you remember our reporting from a few months ago, then this release also formally drops i486 CPU support from the kernel build system.

What's new in this release?

Intel's Flexible Return and Event Delivery (FRED) is now enabled by default in Linux, having previously required a manual fred=on boot flag. The switch was held back until publicly available hardware could be properly evaluated, and the code has since been tested thoroughly enough to flip from opt-in to opt-out.

Phoronix reports that people running Intel Core Ultra Series 3 "Panther Lake" should see real gains here, particularly on I/O-heavy workloads like databases, networking applications, and audio processing.

The crypto subsystem picks up some Intel QAT additions too. For QAT Gen4 and Gen5 hardware, basic Zstd compression offload is now available. The Gen6 version, intended for the Diamond Rapids platform, gets a native Zstd implementation covering both compression and decompression.

The amd-pstate driver gains CPPC Performance Priority, Dynamic EPP (Energy Performance Preference), and Raw EPP with this release for more granular control over power and performance on modern AMD Ryzen and EPYC hardware.

Similarly, the AMDgpu driver sees several changes this cycle, including SMU 15.0.8 IP support, DCN 4.2 display updates, a new DebugFS interface for monitoring 64-bit PCIe registers, and a fix for a GPU page fault triggering on non-4K page size kernel builds.

And, after four years of work, a new NTFS driver has landed in the mainline kernel. We covered its development last December, when it was still working its way toward integration.

Linus Torvalds called the merge the "ntfs resurrection," though he briefly un-pulled the code over a Git structure issue before accepting a revised pull request. The new driver is available via the⁣ NTFS_FS Kconfig switch, and NTFS3 is still around for now.

Finally, we have the newly introduced support for 12 new SoCs, including Qualcomm's Glymur, Mahua, Eliza, and IPQ5210, Axis ARTPEC-9, Microchip's LAN9691 and PIC64GX, Renesas RZ/G3L, NXP S32N79, Rockchip's RV1103B, and ARM's Zena and Corstone-1000-A320.

Should you install this?

📋

It is to get excited about a new kernel release, But compiling a new kernel or installing a new one is usually considered intermediate to expert zone. For a regular Linux user, it is better to wait for the distro to provide it, unless you have a compelling reason to get the new kernel early.

It depends. If something in this release addresses a gap you had with earlier kernels, it's worth the upgrade. You can download the tarball from the official website and get started installing it on something like Ubuntu.

Linux Kernel 7.1

For the rest of us, it depends on the distribution one is using. Not every distro will be providing this release upgrade. Rolling releases like Arch Linux and more frequently updated distros like Fedora and its derivatives will be picking this up soon.

Others on distros like Debian or Linux Mint likely won't see it on their computers.

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Suggested Read 📖: Proton Drive Now Has a CLI

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An AI Agent Infiltrated Fedora's Bug Tracker and Wreaked Havoc

On May 27, Adam Williamson of the Fedora QA team sent a message to contributor Nathan Giovannini, CC'ing the project's devel and test mailing lists so everyone could see what had been going on.

Adam had been combing through Nathan's Bugzilla history and found what he described as the work of "some kind of agentic AI system," operating unsupervised across both Fedora's bug tracker and several upstream projects.

Soon after, Nathan replied, saying his credentials had been compromised and that he had nothing to do with any of it.

Skynet, is that you?

An example of the AI agent running amok.

The agent had been mass-reassigning Bugzilla reports to Nathan's account, despite him not being the maintainer for any of the affected packages. In Fedora's Bugzilla instance, the assignee is supposed to be whoever can actually resolve the bug downstream, typically the package maintainer.

It had also been prematurely closing bugs, where the correct protocol was to mark a bug as POST when a fix was proposed upstream but wasn't pushed downstream. The agent was just closing them outright after submitting or merging an upstream patch.

Then there were the NOTABUG closures. The agent had been shutting bugs in components it had no ownership over, with comments Adam identified as clearly LLM-generated. Some of those comments just restated what the original reporter had already written. Others sounded plausible but were wrong.

The fourth problem was the most serious. The agent submitted an incorrect fix to the Anaconda installer project, and when a maintainer pushed back, it kept firing back LLM-generated responses until the maintainer gave in and merged it.

The Anaconda team reverted the PR, but two related pull requests had already shipped in Anaconda 45.5.

A supply chain problem?

This is not a particularly sophisticated attack.

A contributor account gets compromised, an AI agent runs through it, and bad code ends up in a release before anyone notices. The damage in this case was caught and cleaned up, but the scenario itself is not hard to replicate.

Fedora approved a policy on AI-assisted contributions last year, placing full accountability on the human contributor and requiring transparency when AI tools are involved. Submitting unreviewed, low-quality machine-generated content is explicitly called out as unacceptable.

What played out here was the policy's failure conditions, except it was routed through a stolen account rather than a contributor acting in bad faith, so the policy had no way to apply.

Open source software sits underneath nearly all modern enterprise infrastructure, which is what makes the supply chain angle worth taking very seriously.

IBM and Red Hat announced Project Lightwell in late May as a $5 billion effort to secure open source supply chains using AI tooling and a team of over 20,000 engineers. It targets vulnerability remediation across upstream and enterprise environments, from language ecosystems to AI frameworks.

However, it does not address the specific problem of agentic AI operating through hijacked contributor accounts, but it reflects where the industry is moving towards as AI keeps accelerating both the discovery and exploitation of vulnerabilities.

Fedora's 2FA problem isn't going away

The incident kicked off a debate on the devel list that has apparently been sitting unresolved since the XZ backdoor in 2024.

Daniel Berrangé, a Red Hat engineer and long-time Fedora contributor, pointed out that mandatory 2FA had come up after that incident; the only outcome was a soft recommendation that provenpackagers should have it enabled, and nothing has moved since.

Fabio Valentini raised a separate issue saying that a lot of this activity happened on Bugzilla, which uses its own account system and may not support 2FA at all. Daniel acknowledged that but said it was not a reason to avoid mandating it for the Fedora Accounts (FAS), and noted Bugzilla may become less relevant if Fedora eventually moves to the issue tracker on Fedora Forge.

Michael Catanzaro, a GNOME developer, said he uses 2FA everywhere except Fedora, even though his Fedora account is among his most sensitive. The sticking point in his case is that Kerberos ticket renewal isn't working properly with 2FA in GNOME Online Accounts.

In the end, seeing that a compromised account got bad code into their repos, the Fedora folks ought to step up their efforts when it comes to mandating 2FA for contributors whose work affects many users.

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There is a New X11 Server, Written in Rust, With the Help of AI

If you have been keeping an eye on the display server situation on Linux, you know where things are headed. Wayland is taking over as distros are dropping X11 sessions one by one.

So naturally, someone went ahead and built a brand new X11 server from scratch. Developer Jos Dehaes recently went public with yserver, a new MIT-licensed X11 display server written entirely in Rust.

Now, this will either impress you or make you shout "Clanker!" but this project was built with significant help from Claude Code, Anthropic's AI coding agent. The repo has both a CLAUDE.md and an AGENTS.md file in plain sight, making this a proper vibe-coded project.

What is it?

Well, yserver isn't aiming to clone X.Org, rather it is meant to be a practical X11 server for modern Linux that focuses on what real desktop environments and applications actually need today.

Everything that has accumulated over decades and serves no purpose in today's computing environment has been dropped. That includes the DDX driver ABI, multiple X11 screen support, non-TrueColor legacy visuals, indirect GLX, and endian-swapped clients.

Under the hood, yserver drives hardware directly through DRM/KMS and Vulkan, skipping the usual middleware layers that sit between the display server and the GPU. This means a more direct path to the hardware with fewer moving parts sitting in the middle.

According to the project's documentation, yserver uses libseat for seat management, which ensures it can run without root and the core is deliberately single-threaded, resulting in predictable protocol behavior.

What can it do?

0:00

/0:10

Compiz running under yserver. Video courtesy of Jos Dehaes.

Currently, yserver can already boot into MATE, Xfce, and Cinnamon sessions, and it has also been tested with window managers like FVWM3, e16, and Window Maker. FreeBSD support is on the roadmap, but work on it has not started yet.

Hardware coverage is wider than you might expect. In testing, Jos has covered AMD Ryzen and Radeon setups, Intel Kaby Lake iGPU, NVIDIA with the proprietary driver, Snapdragon X1, and Apple M1 and M2 on Asahi Linux.

These were all tested on MATE, Xfce, and Cinnamon configurations, btw.

The obvious question

Major players in the Linux space like Ubuntu dropped the X11 session in 25.10, Fedora has done away with X11 on its flagship Workstation desktop edition, and KDE has already announced Plasma 6.8 will drop X11 support entirely.

So who is yserver for, exactly? Well, there is still a distinct group of users stuck on X11, whether because of legacy desktop environments, specific hardware setups, or workflows that just have not made the jump yet.

And the project itself is very early. There is one primary contributor, and the security model is incomplete, with the design documentation clearly stating that clients can currently read other clients' windows and global input.

Heck, even the name is a placeholder. 😅

So, yserver won't be replacing Wayland or X11 on your computer anytime soon, but it is a nice project to know about, and it also shows us how prevalent vibe coding has become, whether you like it or not.

Via: Phoronix

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FOSS Weekly #26.24: Dank Linux Review, BitWarden Alternative, Mint Tips (And an Important Message)

It's FOSS turns 14 tomorrow. Incidentally, my son turns 1 tomorrow as well. Two milestones the same day call for celebration, right?

But there is something important that I wanted to share with you and it relates to the future of It's FOSS.

The thing is that Google Search is gone. Not broken but gone. What replaces it is an AI that reads the web, summarizes it, and hands you the answer directly. No links. No clicks. No visits to the sites that actually wrote the content.

This is not a minor update. This is a structural shift in how the internet works.

For the past two decades, a quiet but fair deal powered the open web: you search, you click, we earn a little from ads, and we use that to keep writing. That deal is over. Google now takes our content, serves the answer, and the publisher gets nothing. Not even a visit.

Since the launch of ChatGPT, It's FOSS has already lost 80% of its Google search traffic. And it's alarming now.

I built It's FOSS because I love Linux and open-source software. Not to get rich. I built it because I wanted a place where people could learn Linux for free, stay informed, and feel part of a community that actually cares about what open-source software means. For years, that worked. Ad revenue kept the lights on. We kept creating informational content that helped Linux users all around the world.

That model is now broken, and no tweak to our content strategy will fix it. This is not an algorithm we can optimize around.

The big publishers will survive this. They have corporate backing, licensing deals, and investors to absorb the losses. We don't. What we have is you.

If It's FOSS has ever helped you, fixed a problem, taught you something new, saved you a frustrating hour, this is the moment to return the favor. You want us to continue for 14 more years, right?

Becoming a Plus member keeps this alive:

• The newsletter you're reading right now
• The tutorials, guides, and news on It's FOSS
• A small, independent voice in a world where content is increasingly written by non-humans for non-humans

To mark 14 years of It's FOSS (and my son's first birthday), I'm offering $30 off the lifetime membership this week. This one-time payment also solidifies the trust you have in It's FOSS and keeps us going in the age of AI slop.

Get Lifetime Membership ($30 off)

Not in a position to subscribe? A one-time donation helps too. Every contribution, whatever the size, is a vote for keeping It's FOSS alive, keeping the open web alive.

Make a one-time donation

I've spent years writing about open source because I believe software freedom matters, using a free operating system matters. I still do. But this freedom also needs people willing to sustain the communities that talk about it.

I'm asking you to be one of those people.

📰 News That Matter

Proton has given us some back-to-back updates. There's an encryption overhaul that makes uploads up to 3x faster and downloads up to 2x faster, thanks to a cryptography rewrite. News on how a native GUI client for Linux is in the works, and an official CLI offering for Drive that works on Linux, Windows, and macOS.

A lot has landed in the DocSpace 3.7 release. You get AI-generated files, DeepSeek, xAI and Google AI support, a complete rework of form filling rooms that now handle PDF creation, room tagging, bulk deletion, and new admin controls.

Similarly, Collabora have introduced CODE 26.04, possibly their biggest release yet. It includes AI assistance across all three editors, a reworked document comparison tool in Writer, per-user sheet views in Calc, 14 new spreadsheet functions, and a follow-me presentation mode in Impress. Yeah... AI everywhere.

You know what else is everywhere? systemd. Well... almost. KaOS has decided to distance itself from systemd and opted for dinit instead.

🧠 What We’re Thinking About

ProtonMail is a solid Gmail alternative for privacy-conscious users, but the absence of canned responses is still a daily pain point for me.

🧮 Linux Tips, Tutorials, and Learnings

Man pages are famously dense, but they're also the most accurate and complete documentation Linux has.

Need to send a large file without uploading it to someone else's server first? CheezyPizza does it browser to browser over WebRTC, with no account, no size cap, and no middleman.

Not open source software but Melia is a new Linux desktop email client that takes privacy seriously in ways most clients don't bother with. Tracking pixels are neutralized, incoming emails are verified against SPF, DKIM, and DMARC, and senders whose display names don't match their addresses get flagged automatically.

If you find Linux Mint running slowly, try disabling animations and window effects. It may improve the performance a yiny bit and tiny bits help when you are struggling with performance.

On the contrary, if you have decent hardware, you can add eye candy to Linux Mint by adding more desktop effects.

👷 AI, Homelab and Hardware Corner

Bambu Lab has been on a path to vendor lock-in, and even after outcry from the community over some of its recent moves, they don't seem to be learning anything.

Luckily, the open source community knows how to respond to such predatory behavior.

✨ Apps and Projects Highlights

Dank Linux is in the Arch+Hyprland zone. It gives you a preconfigured Hyprland to enjoy.

AliasVault can be a refuge from your escape from Bitwarden, seeing how they have been pulling off some major moves quietly.

📽️ Videos for You

If you use top to monitor processes in Linux, you ought to know some of its lesser-known commands.

Subscribe to It's FOSS YouTube Channel

💡 Quick Handy Tip

If you are on a GNOME setup, then you can enable certain user interface settings on the Resources app to display important usage and hardware-related details in the sidebar at all times.

Go into the "Preferences" menu via the hamburger button (looks like three lines), then under the "General" tab, look for these options and enable them:

• Show Usage Details in Sidebar
• Show Device Descriptions in Sidebar

Suggested Read 📖: Mission Center vs. Resources

🎋 Fun in the FOSSverse

There have been many instances of the open source community striking back at projects that locked down. We have a puzzle that will test your knowledge of such occurrences.

Can you help this Arch user? 🤣

🗓️ Tech Trivia: On June 7, 1954, Alan Turing, the mathematician who conceived the theoretical blueprint for modern computers and helped crack Enigma cipher at Bletchley Park, reportedly took his own life at age 41.

His work helped shorten World War II and laid the foundation for every computer running today.

🧑‍🤝‍🧑 From the Community: A newcomer is asking which web browsers his fellow FOSSers are using. Care to contribute?

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DCOX, PDFs Were Not Built for AI. This New Open Standard Wants to Change That

The LF AI & Data Foundation has announced the formation of the DocLang Specification Working Group, kicking off a collaborative effort to build an open, AI-native document format standard.

The working group operates under the Joint Development Foundation's vendor-neutral governance model, ensuring that no single company controls the roadmap.

The founding members are IBM, NVIDIA, Red Hat, ABBYY, and HumanSignal. Though, the spec documentation also credits Forgis as a founding member, but the announcement didn't mention them.

By the way, DocLang is not the only thing in play here. Combining its open document format specification with Docling, IBM's open source document processing toolkit also under LF AI & Data, the initiative is looking to build a more complete open source document AI stack under one roof.

Together, the two cover the full pipeline from document ingestion and parsing through standardized representation and downstream consumption by language models and agentic AI systems.

As for the specification itself, it is already at v0.6, is available under the Apache 2.0 License, and covers document structure and semantics, geometric layout, pagination, and complex components like tables, charts, formulas, and code blocks.

There's also native support for audio, image, and video content, and governance metadata like privacy flags and model training constraints are embedded directly in the document rather than stored in a separate file.

Who is it for?

The primary target is enterprises running generative AI and agentic workflows on large document sets. Formats like PDF, DOCX, and JPEG were designed for human consumption, not machine interpretation.

When such files are fed into AI pipelines, their reading order gets mangled, tables flatten into plain text, and figures disappear entirely. The result is a scenario where the document quality becomes the bottleneck, not the model itself.

DocLang is meant to fix that by giving pipelines a single, unambiguous representation where the same document always produces the same output regardless of which tool processed it.

It is also relevant to anyone building with LLMs and vision-language models on real-world content. Docling and ABBYY FineReader Engine already support DocLang output natively, so existing pipelines can adopt the standard without overhauling their tooling.

You can go through the specification for DocLang on GitHub.

DocLang Specification

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Suggested Read 📖: Open Standards for What AI Actually Costs

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